Presto Concepts¶
Overview¶
To understand Presto you must first understand the terms and concepts used throughout the Presto documentation.
While it’s easy to understand statements and queries, as an end-user you should have familiarity with concepts such as stages and splits to take full advantage of Presto to execute efficient queries. As a Presto administrator or a Presto contributor, you should understand how Presto’s stages map to tasks and how tasks contain a set of drivers which process data.
This section provides a solid definition for the core concepts referenced throughout Presto, and these sections are sorted from most general to most specific.
Server Types¶
There are three types of Presto servers: resource manager, coordinators, and workers. The following section explains the difference between them.
Resource Manager¶
The Presto resource manager is the server that aggregates data from all coordinators and workers and constructs a global view of the cluster. A Presto installation with a disaggregated coordinator needs a resource manager. Clusters support multiple resource managers, each acting as a primary.
Coordinators and workers communicate with resource managers using a thrift API.
Coordinator¶
The Presto coordinator is the server that is responsible for parsing statements, planning queries, and managing Presto worker nodes. It is the “brain” of a Presto installation and is also the node to which a client connects to submit statements for execution. Every Presto installation must have a Presto coordinator alongside one or more Presto workers. For development or testing purposes, a single instance of Presto can be configured to perform both roles.
The coordinator keeps track of the activity on each worker and coordinates the execution of a query. The coordinator creates a logical model of a query involving a series of stages which is then translated into a series of connected tasks running on a cluster of Presto workers.
Coordinators communicate with workers and clients using a REST API.
Worker¶
A Presto worker is a server in a Presto installation which is responsible for executing tasks and processing data. Worker nodes fetch data from connectors and exchange intermediate data with each other. The coordinator is responsible for fetching results from the workers and returning the final results to the client.
When a Presto worker process starts up, it advertises itself to the discovery server in the coordinator, which makes it available to the Presto coordinator for task execution.
Workers communicate with other workers and Presto coordinators using a REST API.
Data Sources¶
Throughout this documentation, you’ll read terms such as connector, catalog, schema, and table. These fundamental concepts cover Presto’s model of a particular data source and are described in the following section.
Connector¶
A connector adapts Presto to a data source such as Hive or a relational database. You can think of a connector the same way you think of a driver for a database. It is an implementation of Presto’s SPI which allows Presto to interact with a resource using a standard API.
Presto contains several built-in connectors: a connector for JMX, a System connector which provides access to built-in system tables, a Hive connector, and a TPCH connector designed to serve TPC-H benchmark data. Many third-party developers have contributed connectors so that Presto can access data in a variety of data sources.
Every catalog is associated with a specific connector. If you examine
a catalog configuration file, you will see that each contains a
mandatory property connector.name which is used by the catalog
manager to create a connector for a given catalog. It is possible
to have more than one catalog use the same connector to access two
different instances of a similar database. For example, if you have
two Hive clusters, you can configure two catalogs in a single Presto
cluster that both use the Hive connector, allowing you to query data
from both Hive clusters (even within the same SQL query).
Catalog¶
A Presto catalog contains schemas and references a data source via a connector. For example, you can configure a JMX catalog to provide access to JMX information via the JMX connector. When you run a SQL statement in Presto, you are running it against one or more catalogs. Other examples of catalogs include the Hive catalog to connect to a Hive data source.
When addressing a table in Presto, the fully-qualified table name is
always rooted in a catalog. For example, a fully-qualified table name
of hive.test_data.test would refer to the test table in the
test_data schema in the hive catalog.
Catalogs are defined in properties files stored in the Presto configuration directory.
Schema¶
Schemas are a way to organize tables. Together, a catalog and schema define a set of tables that can be queried. When accessing Hive or a relational database such as MySQL with Presto, a schema translates to the same concept in the target database. Other types of connectors may choose to organize tables into schemas in a way that makes sense for the underlying data source.
Table¶
A table is a set of unordered rows which are organized into named columns with types. This is the same as in any relational database. The mapping from source data to tables is defined by the connector.
Query Execution Model¶
Presto executes SQL statements and turns these statements into queries that are executed across a distributed cluster of coordinator and workers.
Statement¶
Presto executes ANSI-compatible SQL statements. When the Presto documentation refers to a statement, it is referring to statements as defined in the ANSI SQL standard which consist of clauses, expressions, and predicates.
Some readers might be curious why this section lists separate concepts for statements and queries. This is necessary because, in Presto, statements simply refer to the textual representation of a SQL statement. When a statement is executed, Presto creates a query along with a query plan that is then distributed across a series of Presto workers.
Query¶
When Presto parses a statement, it converts it into a query and creates a distributed query plan which is then realized as a series of interconnected stages running on Presto workers. When you retrieve information about a query in Presto, you receive a snapshot of every component that is involved in producing a result set in response to a statement.
The difference between a statement and a query is simple. A statement can be thought of as the SQL text that is passed to Presto, while a query refers to the configuration and components instantiated to execute that statement. A query encompasses stages, tasks, splits, connectors, and other components and data sources working in concert to produce a result.
Query Plan¶
A query plan is a sequence of steps used to access and manipulate data according to the SQL query. It is represented as a tree of nodes, with each node loosely representing an operator. Since SQL is declarative, multiple query plans can be generated to execute a given query. Because query plans can have different performance behavior, Presto uses a query optimizer to choose an efficient plan.
There are two phases of optimization: logical and physical. The logical phase of optimization transforms plans by only considering algorithmic complexity. The logically optimized query plan is then converted into a physical query plan, which is optimized for distributed execution and includes details such as the number and types of Presto servers which should process a query plan node, and how data is exchanged between them.
Plan Fragment¶
A plan fragment is a section of the physical query plan executed by tasks on different Presto servers.
Stage¶
When Presto executes a query, it does so by breaking up the execution into a hierarchy of stages. For example, if Presto needs to aggregate data from one billion rows stored in Hive, it does so by creating a root stage to aggregate the output of several other stages, all of which are designed to implement different sections of a distributed query plan.
The hierarchy of stages that comprises a query resembles a tree. Every query has a root stage which is responsible for aggregating the output from other stages. Stages are what the coordinator uses to model a distributed query plan, but stages themselves don’t run on Presto workers.
Task¶
As mentioned in the previous section, stages model a particular section of a distributed query plan, but stages themselves don’t execute on Presto workers. To understand how a stage is executed, you’ll need to understand that a stage is implemented as a series of tasks distributed over a network of Presto workers.
Tasks are the “work horse” in the Presto architecture. A distributed query plan is deconstructed into a series of stages which are then translated to tasks which then act upon or process splits. A Presto task has inputs and outputs, and just as a stage can be executed in parallel by a series of tasks, a task is executing in parallel with a series of drivers.
Split¶
Tasks operate on splits which are sections of a larger data set. Stages at the lowest level of a distributed query plan retrieve data via splits from connectors, and intermediate stages at a higher level of a distributed query plan retrieve data from other stages.
When Presto is scheduling a query, the coordinator will query a connector for a list of all splits that are available for a table. The coordinator keeps track of which machines are running which tasks and what splits are being processed by which tasks.
Driver¶
Tasks contain one or more parallel drivers. Drivers act upon data and combine operators to produce output that is then aggregated by a task and delivered to another task in another stage. A driver is a sequence of operator instances. You can think of a driver as a physical set of operators in memory. It is the lowest level of parallelism in the Presto architecture. A driver has one input and one output.
Operator¶
An operator consumes, transforms, and produces data. For example, a table scan fetches data from a connector and produces data that can be consumed by other operators, and a filter operator consumes data and produces a subset by applying a predicate over the input data.
Exchange¶
Exchanges transfer data between Presto nodes for different stages of a query. Tasks write data into an output buffer and consume data from other tasks using an exchange client.